High Power Laser Beam Expander

BEHP-N

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BEHP-N

These laser beam expanders are designed for use with a high-power laser.
It supports a broader wavelength range than the current models.
It can be used in an optical system with high precision, such as a laser interferometer and processing by the lens design that takes into account the wavefront aberration.

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Attention ▶The laser energy density at small aperture(output aperture) will become higher than LIDT when reducing the beam diameter and the Beam expander might be broken.
▶It may not be able to obtain the expected function when the beam expander is used in the opposite direction (reducing the beam diameter). Please refer the technical note of he laser beam expander for details.

Guide ▶We also can provide a holder for our laser beam expander (KLH-BE) for the fine adjustment with tilt angle and to secure the beam expander. WEB Reference Catalog Code/W4147

Name Delivery Price Add to cart

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-5-340/380

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	340 - 355nm
Beam magnification	5×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ5mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ5mm
AR coating wavelengths	340 - 380nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (355nm), >96％ (343.3nm), >96％ (340-380nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 5mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 5mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-6-250/280

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	250 - 260nm
Beam magnification	6×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ4mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ4mm
AR coating wavelengths	250 - 280nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (266nm), >96％ (257.5nm), >96％ (250-280nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 4mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 4mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-6-1030/1100

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	1030 - 1064nm
Beam magnification	6×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ4mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ4mm
AR coating wavelengths	1030 - 1100nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (1064nm), >97％ (1030nm), >97％ (1030-1100nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 4mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 4mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	10.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-1.5-250/280

2 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	250 - 260nm
Beam magnification	1.5×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ11mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	250 - 280nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (266nm), >97％ (257.5nm), >97％ (250-280nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	2.0J/cm²
Weight	0.25kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-1.5-1030/1100

6-12 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	1030 - 1064nm
Beam magnification	1.5×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ11mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	1030 - 1100nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (1064nm), >98％ (1030nm), >98％ (1030-1100nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	7.0J/cm²
Weight	0.25kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-2-500/570

2 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	500 - 532nm
Beam magnification	2×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ10mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	500 - 570nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (532nm), >98％ (515nm), >98％ (500-570nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	5.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-3-340/380

6-12 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	340 - 355nm
Beam magnification	3×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ8mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	340 - 380nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (355nm), >97％ (343.3nm), >97％ (340-380nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-4-250/280

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	250 - 260nm
Beam magnification	4×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ6mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	250 - 280nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (266nm), >96％ (257.5nm), >96％ (250-280nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-4-1030/1100

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	1030 - 1064nm
Beam magnification	4×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ6mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	1030 - 1100nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (1064nm), >97％ (1030nm), >97％ (1030-1100nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	10.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-5-500/570

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	500 - 532nm
Beam magnification	5×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ5mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ5mm
AR coating wavelengths	500 - 570nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (532nm), >97％ (515nm), >97％ (500-570nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 5mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 5mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	7.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-6-340/380

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	340 - 355nm
Beam magnification	6×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ4mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ4mm
AR coating wavelengths	340 - 380nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (355nm), >96％ (343.3nm), >96％ (340-380nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 4mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 4mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-7-250/280

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	250 - 260nm
Beam magnification	7×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ3mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ3mm
AR coating wavelengths	250 - 280nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (266nm), >96％ (257.5nm), >96％ (250-280nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 3mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 3mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-1.5-340/380

6-12 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	340 - 355nm
Beam magnification	1.5×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ11mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	340 - 380nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (355nm), >97％ (343.3nm), >97％ (340-380nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.25kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-2-250/280

2 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	250 - 260nm
Beam magnification	2×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ10mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	250 - 280nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (266nm), >97％ (257.5nm), >97％ (250-280nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	2.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-2-1030/1100

2 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	1030 - 1064nm
Beam magnification	2×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ10mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	1030 - 1100nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (1064nm), >98％ (1030nm), >98％ (1030-1100nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	7.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-3-500/570

2 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	500 - 532nm
Beam magnification	3×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ8mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	500 - 570nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (532nm), >98％ (515nm), >98％ (500-570nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	5.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-4-340/380

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	340 - 355nm
Beam magnification	4×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ6mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	340 - 380nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (355nm), >96％ (343.3nm), >96％ (340-380nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-5-250/280

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	250 - 260nm
Beam magnification	5×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ5mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ5mm
AR coating wavelengths	250 - 280nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (266nm), >96％ (257.5nm), >96％ (250-280nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 5mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 5mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-5-1030/1100

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	1030 - 1064nm
Beam magnification	5×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ5mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ5mm
AR coating wavelengths	1030 - 1100nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (1064nm), >97％ (1030nm), >97％ (1030-1100nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 5mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 5mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	10.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-6-500/570

6-12 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	500 - 532nm
Beam magnification	6×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ4mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ4mm
AR coating wavelengths	500 - 570nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (532nm), >97％ (515nm), >97％ (500-570nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 4mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 4mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	7.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-1.5-500/570

2 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	500 - 532nm
Beam magnification	1.5×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ11mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	500 - 570nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (532nm), >98％ (515nm), >98％ (500-570nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	5.0J/cm²
Weight	0.25kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-2-340/380

6-12 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	340 - 355nm
Beam magnification	2×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ10mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	340 - 380nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (355nm), >97％ (343.3nm), >97％ (340-380nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	4.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-3-250/280

2 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	250 - 260nm
Beam magnification	3×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ8mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	250 - 280nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (266nm), >97％ (257.5nm), >97％ (250-280nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	2.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-3-1030/1100

6-12 weeks

$812.00

Design wavelength	1030 - 1064nm
Beam magnification	3×
Output aperture diameter	φ26mm
Input Clear aperture	φ8mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	1030 - 1100nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>99％ (1064nm), >98％ (1030nm), >98％ (1030-1100nm)^*2 >65％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	7.0J/cm²
Weight	0.21kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

High-Power Laser Beam Expander
BEHP-4-500/570

2 weeks

$957.00

Design wavelength	500 - 532nm
Beam magnification	4×
Output aperture diameter	φ35mm
Input Clear aperture	φ6mm
Effective incident beam diameter at incident angle ± 1 °	φ6mm
AR coating wavelengths	500 - 570nm
Transmittance (AR coat calculated value)	>98％ (532nm), >97％ (515nm), >97％ (500-570nm)^*2 >53％ (600-700nm)
Transmitted wavefront distortion (P-V)	< λ/10 (design value for input dia. of 6mm.) Reference <λ/4 (input beam dia. 6mm, 632.8nm)^*3
Laser Damage Threshold <sup>*1</sup>	7.0J/cm²
Weight	0.27kg
Availability	Please contact
*1 Laser pulse width ; 10ns , Repetition frequency ; 20Hz
*2 The transmittance of the beam expander differs depending on the wavelength and/or input beam diameter.

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◦The optical design of the beam expander is an air gap configuration that does not use an adhesive to bond the lenses. This allows the beam expander to be used with a high-power laser.
◦It is designed and coated to enable to use in a broader wavelength range than the current models.
◦By turning the diopter ring that is attached to the center of the beam expander, you can make variable beams such as the focused beam, collimated beam, and the divergent beam. It is used when you want to vary the position of the beam waist and if strict collimation adjustment is necessary.